Ricardian Theory

David Ricardo, an English classical economist, first developed a theory in 1817 to explain the origin and nature of economic rent.

Ricardo used the economic and rent to analyse a particular question. In the Napoleonic wars (18.05-1815) there were large rise in corn and land prices.

Did the rise in land prices force up the price of corn, or did the high price of corn increase the demand for land and so push up land prices. Ricardo defined rent as, “that portion of the produce of the earth which is paid to the landlord for the use of the original and indestructible powers of the soil.” In his theory, rent is nothing but the producer’s surplus or differential gain, and it is found in land only.

Assumptions of the Theory:

The Ricardian theory of rent is based on the following assumptions:

1. Rent of land arises due to the differences in the fertility or situation of the different plots of land. It arises owing to the original and indestructible powers of the soil.
2. Ricardo assumes the operation of the law of diminishing marginal returns in the case of cultivation of land. As the different plots of land differ in fertility, the produce from the inferior plots of land diminishes though the total cost of production in each plot of land is the same.
3. Ricardo looks at the supply of land from the standpoint of the society as a whole.
4. In the Ricardian theory it is assumed that land, being a gift of nature, has no supply price and no cost of production. So rent is not a part of cost, and being so it does not and cannot enter into cost and price. This means that from society’s point of view the entire return from land is a surplus earning.

Reasons for Existence of Rent:

According to Ricardo rent arises for two main reasons:

(1) Scarcity of land as a factor and

(2) Differences in the fertility of the soil.

Scarcity Rent:

Ricardo assumed that land had only one useto grow corn. This meant that its supply was fixed, as shown in Figure 13.1. Hence the price of land was totally determined by the demand for land. In other words, all the price of a factor of production in perfectly inelastic supply is economic rent it has no transfer earnings.

Differential Rent:

According to Ricardo, rent of land arises because the different plots of land have different degree of productive power; some lands are more fertile than others. So there are different grades of land. The difference between the produce of the superior lands and that of the inferior lands is rent what is called differential rent. Let us illustrate the Ricardian concept of differential rent.

Rent and Price:

From the Ricardian theory we can show the relation between rent (of land) and price (of wheat). Since the market price of wheat is determined by costs of the marginal producer and since, for this marginal producer, rents are zero, Ricardo concluded that economic rent is not a determinant of market price. Rather, price of wheat is determined solely by the market demand for wheat and the availability of fertile land.

Deductions from the Theory:

If rent depends on price and on the superiority of rent-producing land over marginal land, we can deduce the following:

1. Improved methods of farming:

Improved methods of cultivation may lead to a fall in rent (demand remaining unchanged). It is because increased output on the superior grades of land will make the cultivation of inferior grades of land unnecessary.

2. Population growth:

Population growth is likely to lead to a rise in rent, since the increased demand for land will bring poor quality land into cultivation, thus lowering the output of marginal land. Thus, if the price of food increases, the rent of existing land will increase.

3. Improved transport facilities:

Improved transport facilities are likely to lead to a fall in rent. It is because the output of less fertile land of foreign countries may be able to com­pete more closely with the home produce. So there will be no need to cultivate inferior home areas. As a result the output of the mar­ginal land rises and rent falls.

Thus, it is difficult to say whether or not rent increases with economic progress. How­ever, rent is likely to fall with economic pro­gress if population growth is unable to fully neutralise the effects of technological progress and improvement in transport facilities.

Criticisms of the Theory:

Ricardian theory has been criticised on the following grounds:

1. Ricardo considers land as fixed in supply. Of course, land is fixed in an absolute sense. But land has alternative uses. So the supply of land to a particular use is not fixed (inelastic). For example, the supply of wheat land is not absolutely fixed at any given time.
2. Ricardo’s order of cultivation of lands is also not realistic. If the price of wheat falls the marginal land need not necessarily go out of cultivation first. Superior grades of land might cease to be cultivated if a fall in the price of its output causes such land being demanded for other purposes (e.g., for constructing houses).
3. The productivity of land does not depend entirely on fertility. It also depends on such factors as position, investment and effective use of capital.
4. Critics have pointed out that land does not possess any original and indestructible powers, as the fertility of land gradually dimi­nishes, unless fertilisers are applied regularly.
5. Ricardo’s assumption of no-rent land is unrealistic as, in reality; every plot of land earns some rent, although the amount may be small.
6. Ricardo restricted rent to land only, but modern economists have shown that rent arises in return to any factor of production, the supply of which is inelastic.
7. According to Ricardo, rent does not enter into price (cost) but from the point of view of an individual farm rent forms a part of cost and price.